Cool-seeming digital tools can narrow participation by excluding poor, old or disabled people.
On the way out, however, this mark to market feature sees many investors subjected to downward price pressure, which highlights the adverse effects of illiquidity, narrow exits and narrow participation in the asset class.
The original spider-gram plotted these indicators on a continuum that at one end marked narrow participation and at the other marked wide participation.
Rifkin [7] defines five levels of community participation, ranging from very narrow participation where communities act as recipients of health services, to increasingly active roles with more responsibility including community involvement in implementation, evaluation and monitoring.
It identifies five factors that influence community participation (needs assessment, leadership, organization, management and resource mobilization), places each on a continuum with wider participation at one end and narrow at the other, assigns a mark on the continuum for each factor, links the continua at the end of narrow participation and connects the marks.
The problem is that one of "the parties" is doing everything it can to narrow voter participation by disenfranchising members of groups demographically likely to prefer the other of "the parties".
The row that followed – with Laura Bates of the Everyday Sexism project calling Grant's comments "unhelpful" and a Twitter debate about the extent to which sports offered to teenagers should be gender specific – was all the more damaging for Grant because she has made narrowing the participation gap between men and women a key priority.
Over the past two years, she has warned governing bodies that funding will be cut if they don't hit their targets as the government has refocused Sport England's strategy to concentrate on reversing a decline in the number of 16- to 25‑year-olds playing sport and narrowing the participation gap between genders.
Anthem CEO Joe Swedish said the insurer may "further narrow our participation" on the ACA's public exchanges.
Anthem CEO Joe Swedish said last month the insurer may "further narrow" its participation on the ACA's public exchanges pending decisions by the Trump administration and GOP Congress.
If Congress doesn't move to fund such subsidies, which low-income Americans who buy Obamacare use to pay their out-of-pocket costs, Anthem CEO Joe Swedish said the insurer may "further narrow our participation" on the ACA's public exchanges.
