Cognitive ability is to be assessed by scales of narration, description, exposition, argumentation, instruction and interaction.
In the end, six functions have been identified among those descriptors, namely narration, description, exposition, argumentation, instruction and interaction.
Descriptors are divided into six categories according to the function of target listening text (or activity), namely narration, description, exposition, argumentation, instruction and interaction, and each category constitutes a subscale.
Intended mainly for Chinese learners of English, the CSE gives priority to descriptors of learners' achievement and categorizes its descriptors based on language functions: narration, description, explanation, argumentation, instruction, and discussion (Halliday 1978; Martin and Rose 2003).
The given instruction was the same for each group: seven modes of development in essay writing were taught (Narration, Description, Example, Classification & Division, Compare & Contrast, Process, and Cause & Effect).
In that, various techniques used in developing the main idea of a paragraph and thesis of an essay (i.e. narration, description, and the expository modes, as well as classification and division, comparison and contrast, process, cause and effect, argumentation, and persuasion) are explained.
Kowata (2009) followed Bain's (1890) classification of texts, which consists of narrations, descriptions, expositions, and argumentations to analyse the writing tasks in the Japanese university entrance examinations.
In the novels, the tools of fiction provide these answers: third-person narration, rich description, and inventive and dense interior monologue, which often takes the form of spiralling stream of consciousness.
Furthermore, evidence from cognitive psychology indicates that evaluative judgments frequently dominate over narration and description in informal communication".
The central antagonist of the Ramayana, the demon-king Ravana, was not given a song; his oppressive presence was expressed in prose narration, poetic descriptions and songs sung by the other characters (such as Ravana's demon brother Kumbhakarna in "Lankevar Kāḷ Kaṭhin ālā").
Narration and verbal description, however, take the place of sets, costumes and action.
