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Using the 9.42 17.38 My split between Pediculus and Pthirus as a calibration date [35], [36], we estimated the divergence time between Riesia pediculicola (human head and body louse p-endosymbionts) and Riesia pediculischaeffi (chimp louse p-endosymbionts) at 5.42 My, which is very close to the ages estimated for these lice and for their vertebrate hosts [36].
We fixed the basal split between two major lineages of crown group salamanders (cryptobranchoids and salamandroids) at two different dates: 1) 161 MY, based on the earliest known cryptobranchoid, Chunerpeton tainyiensis [46], and 2) 250 MY, which is an approximate average between some of the oldest molecular based divergences for this split which range from 220 to 275 MYA [30], [31], [47].
Coyne & Orr [ 15] proposed an average speciation rate of 0.16 species per MY, which is exceeded by an order of magnitude by the fastest known radiation [ 16- 18].
The conserved time (200 My) is greater than 180 My, which is the maximum conserved time by chance for 7-mer at the 5% significance level.
(ii) The level of cattle admixture in yak populations was assessed using an admixture estimator, mY, which is the relative contribution of two parental populations to a hybrid population and estimated using frequencies and size information of microsatellite alleles.
We selected a lognormal prior to allow the basal node of the Pomacentridae to reach back to ~105 MY, which is the probable age of the Perciformes [ 49, 50].
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