Exact(10)
gambiae transcriptomes using computational and macroarray approaches revealed a high degree of sequence identity despite an estimated 20 80 MY divergence time between lineages.
For example, there was relatively little overlap between mean scores (and their standard errors) for anopheline comparisons versus those derived from culicine comparisons (Figure 3), likely reflecting the deep ∼150 MY divergence between culicines and anophelines.
Two poeciliid fish: platyfish (Xiphophorus sp. [ 44]) and guppy (Poecilia reticulata [ 45]; 65 MY divergence time [ 46]); one salmonid: Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar [ 47]), and one cyprinid: zebrafish (Danio rerio [ 48]; 200 MY divergence time [ 46]).
The 2 My divergence between European rabbit subspecies apparently allowed the accumulation of one private residue in the O. c. algirus PRYSPRY v1 region (351H), different from O. c. cuniculus.
The average nucleotide substitution rates of grass PMM-1 or 2 genes estimated based on the 60 MY divergence time between rice and wheat by this work are both lower than the commonly adopted mutation rate (6.5 × 10-9 per site per year) for grass genes [ 41- 44].
The estimated ∼0.86 my divergence of the lineages from a common ancestor coincides with the timing of the SMM displacement at ∼0.78 my.
Similar(50)
Comparison of the S. cerevisiae and K. waltii genomes reveals that the 100- to 150-My divergence of these species is characterized by massive gene loss and by extensive chromosomal rearrangements, including inversions, translocations, and smaller duplications (Kellis et al. 2004).
To enhance studies of medium-old (ca 20 60 my) divergences in birds it is desirable to find molecular markers with slightly faster evolutionary rates than the protein-encoding nuclear genes used so far, and introns in nuclear genes may provide such markers.
Given that chromosomal arrangements have occurred over the ∼150 My since divergence, we feel our systematic approach best identifies paralogous genes and other potential sources of ambiguity.
Thirty-seven cat species augmented by representatives from related Feliform represent roughly 44 million years (MY) of divergence (see Additional file 1: Table S1) [ 40].
These field data contrast sharply with the results from experimental hybridization in anurans, which show that some lineages may still produce viable F1 offspring after ca. 20 My of divergence (see Background).
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