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The study by Thomas et al. [10] strongly suggests that gene flow is absent between two sympatric and mutually aggressive A. gracilipes supercolonies on Christmas Island, Indian Ocean.
Supercolonies were genetically and chemically distinct, with mutually aggressive supercolony pairs sharing only 33.1% ±17.5%(mean ± SD) of their alleles across six microsatellite loci and 73.8% ±11.6%of the compounds in their CHC profile.
Moreover mutually aggressive colonies shared only 73.8% of the compounds in their CHC profiles on average, while mutually tolerant colonies (P1-P2, P3-P4) shared 95.8% of the compounds (presence/absence of compounds, Table S5).
Mutually aggressive supercolonies were distantly related and showed highly differentiated CHC profiles, while two non-aggressive though spatially separated supercolonies were found to have highly similar CHC profiles and relatedness values that were comparable to those found within supercolonies.
Mutually aggressive subcolony pairs shared less than half of their alleles (33.1±17.5%, mean ± SD), while mutually tolerant subcolonies P1-P2 and P3-P4 shareitherher all alleles (P1-P2) or 85.7% (P3-P4, 16 of 18 alleles in common) of the pairwise allele pool (Table S3).
Estimates based on aggression and Bayesian clustering analysis of genetic data confirmed that neighboring nests of highland L. turcicus predominantly belong to different mutually aggressive and relatively small colonies, whereas all nests in L. neglectus populations belong to the same supercolony (Fig. 3D).
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Newly founded populations that share the same origin are thus expected to be genetically similar and mutually non-aggressive, but genetic markers and aggression are not necessarily tightly correlated with geographic distance because human transport may often result in 'jump dispersal' over long distances [ 33].
I believe that's because organised crime, stray bullets and aggressive policing are mutually reinforcing.
Our genetic and chemical data support the behavioral data: the supercolonies that are mutually tolerant are also genetically and chemically very similar, whereas those that are aggressive are genetically and chemically more different.
It should leave the once mutually-owned bank 70% controlled by outside shareholders, including a group of aggressive hedge funds.
The main lesson learned from prior crises is that timely and aggressive government intervention can restore confidence and galvanize the private sector to take mutually reinforcing and economically beneficial actions.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com