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Thus, females benefit indirectly from being choosy because of the superior genes that chosen males pass on to the mutual offspring.
With the focus on the parent pair, both systems are rather uniparental, as at any given time only one of the partners is taking care of the mutual offspring.
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Similarly, ungulate species whose young are mobile soon after birth (followers) exhibit mutual mother-offspring recognition (e.g., sheep, Ovis aries: [8], [28], [29]), whereas 'hider' species where offspring stay hidden (hiders), such as the fallow deer (Dama dama) show unidirectional recognition where only offspring can identify mothers [10].
The case in this paper shows that the offspring also maintains their mutual support and relationship by transferring their power.
Individual recognition between mothers and offspring can result in mutual benefits for both members of the dyad [20].
In the same way, D. aneurae larvae need adults present to maintain domicile integrity or they will dry out; several females may provide mutual backup for each other's offspring.
After fledging, recognition of distance calls in zebra finches may not be mutual but one-sided and parent-offspring recognition may follow a two-step process.
The high rate of divorce and the concomitant increase in single parenting in the last quarter of the twentieth century also changed the parent/child dyad, furthering the mutual emotional dependence of boomers and their offspring.
The fitness outcomes of other conflicts may differ from the case studied here, for example, if an attacking force successfully invades territory and conquering soldiers sire offspring (due to forced copulation or mutual consent) with resident females.
They are the crossbred offspring of two earlier types of pooled portfolios: mutual funds (or unit trusts) and investment trusts.
By doing so, they hope to maintain a continuing mutual assistance in family affairs and emotional closeness with their offspring.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com