Since the behavior of a wireless router equipped with multiple devices and antennas can be affected by mutual coupling among several close conducting bodies, numerical and experimental tests are carried out to provide some suggestions for an accurate positioning of the antennas.
Also, it is seen that small beamforming impairments (DOA estimation errors and angle spreads) only affect the outage probability very slightly, and the mutual coupling between adjacent antenna elements does not affect the outage probability noticeably.
Adaptive antenna arrays are strongly affected by the existence of mutual coupling (MC) effect between antenna elements; thus, if the effects of MC are ignored, the system performance will not be accurate [1, 2].
On the other hand, when using multiple antennas at both the TX and the RX, mutual coupling among antenna elements cannot be ignored because it affects the system performance in practical implementation [14 16].
As a result, mutual coupling among antennas may be large, and this would affect the system performance.
Therefore, special care is necessary in examining the existence and degree of anisotropy more quantitatively, because the present MT data are affected by the 3-D topography, and mutual coupling between the topographic effect and the anisotropic mantle structure must be considered.
Figure 9 illustrates the impact of the mutual coupling among antenna elements on the outage probability.
The mutual coupling between antenna elements also has impact on beam patterns.
Because the mechanical distortion not only affects phase parameters and patterns of radiating elements, but also changes mutual coupling effect [6].
In [6], the mutual coupling between the two antenna elements for 2 × 2 MIMO is dynamically controlled, which in turn affects their radiation patterns (indeed, it can be shown that the coupling between antennas is directly related to their radiation patterns).
