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These associations were somewhat weakened, but were still statistically significant after adjustment for their possible mutual confounding effect and for all the major correlates of ICC risk in our study.
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A second model included mutual adjustment for confounding effects within each domain.
The interdependence of age, period, and cohort effects produces mutual confounding in time-trend studies.
Adjusting for potential mutual confounding between SST and SSH had little effect on the response pattern for SST but almost eliminated the association with SSH in both areas [ Figure 3D; see Supplemental Material, Figure 3C,D, for Matlab (doi 10.1289/ehp.1002302)].
An additional challenge in estimating the effects of diesel and gasoline emissions lies in disentangling the effects of one of these exposures from the other, while also controlling for their mutual confounding.
Interpretation of their effects requires prior knowledge regarding causal mechanisms as there is no critical test to disentangle the mutual confounding of the three life-course models.
We consider the potential confounding effect of lean muscle mass.
Finally, there may be a treatment confounding effect apparent in our results.
In case of insufficient adjustment for confounding effect, it is likely that the intervention effect has been over-estimated.
Clinicians would be aware and cautious about confounding effect in their research.
Finally, potential mutual confounding between temperature, rainfall, humidity and NDVI were adjusted to identify independent associations of monthly malaria cases and each particular climatic parameter.
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