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In the past two decades, scientists have investigated how the genes revealed through such mutations work in normal flowers.
It has recently been argued that clinical presenilin mutations work as loss-of-function but not toxic gain-of-function.
We don't know enough about how specific genes and mutations work to understand how they may be advantageous or disadvantageous at the population level.
Could the mutations work the same way?
Cases where multiple mutations work collectively to give resistance, while of clear importance, are not well understood, in part because the range of mutations that can increase a particular bacterium's antibiotic tolerance is rarely known.
In summary, the outcome of selection can be the consequence of two competing processes – selection for enhanced transmission through females and selection for reduced modification in males, where consecutive mutations work synergistically within each class (that is, they ease the spread of future mutations of similar effect) and antagonistically between classes.
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Dr Kawaoka's purpose was to study how the mammalian-transmission mutations worked.
To find out if the gene mutations worked, we extracted pure starch granules from cassava roots, stained them with an iodine solution and looked at them under a microscope.
Laboratory-driven mutation work is just one of many Cambia projects aimed at the needs of farmers in developing countries.
How might this mutation work mechanistically and/or structurally?
Thus, natural selection on genetic combinations and nonrandom mutation work together.
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