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The additional observation that various phenotypes must be acquired suggests multiple mutations with no clonal expansion or a mutator mutation (a mutation that generates more mutations) coupled with clonal expansion [ 41].
Each lineage was characterized by the presence of specific mutations with no evidence of recombination.
The BRCA carriers of mutations, with no overt sign of cancer, nevertheless had significantly higher levels of DNA damage than the controls.
Taken together, our results suggest that selenium incorporation into proteins is important for C. difficile growth and that CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing can be used to rapidly and efficiently introduce mutations with no polar effects into the C. difficile genome.
Kimura noted that mutations with no selective advantage or disadvantage evolve solely through genetic drift.
The triple mutant was made first, using a furY65N,T41A template and furH99R-containing primers (Fig. 3); 10 of 11 Camr transformants contained the desired three mutations with no additional mutations in fur.
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If we include the class of mutation with no effect on phenotype, we have captured all possible mutational effects.
Introduction of the mutation was highly efficient, with almost 100% of genomic DNA isolated from tomato cells of the regenerated generation (T0) having the desired mutation, with no off-target mutations.
Interestingly, the 20 b gRNA2 target sequence in SlIAA9 also led to high on-target mutation with no off-target effects, suggesting that we had selected highly specific gRNAs.
In HEK293T cells, these siRNAs selectively suppressed protein expression from a reporter construct carrying the mutation, with no or minimal suppression of the wild-type (WT) construct, suggesting that collagen VI protein levels are as also reduced in an allele-specific manner.
So far, enhanced resistance against multiple diseases in rice has been reported mostly in lesion mimic mutants (Mizobuchi et al. 2002; Wu et al. 2008), thus, determining how a mutation with no pronounced cell death (lesion mimics) can mediate multiple disease resistance is of practical interest.
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