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Indeed, multiple neutral changes along the mutational landscape of a protein may precede mutations with high advantageous fitness effect [ 27].
We used Cas9 mRNA as opposed to CAS9 protein, as this approach has been shown to generate on-target mutations with high efficiency2.
The use of hrMCA in combination with SAG from genomic DNA enables rapid detection of COL3A1 mutations with high efficiency and specificity.
Recently, heavy-ion beams have been used widely to generate mutants of higher plants, because, in contrast to other mutagenic techniques, they induce mutations with high frequency at a relatively low dose, and various phenotypes may be obtained without other plant characteristics being affected9,10,11.
We have also found that structurally conserved mutational hotspots can be shared by multiple kinase genes and are often enriched by cancer driver mutations with high oncogenic activity.
This would be compatible with the finding that targeting certain key epitopes may be associated with different speeds of clinical progression [40], but does not explain the eventual outcome of those patients enriched for immune escape mutations with high CD4 cell counts.
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Significantly mutated genes (SMGs) were defined as the somatic mutations with higher mutated frequency than background mutation rate.
All five had mutations with high-level resistance to NNRTIs and three had mutations with high-level resistance to NRTIs.
Genotypic analyses of subtype B- and C-infected patients undergoing HAART failure in Israel showed several drug resistance mutations with higher frequency in subtype B viruses [31].
The presence of qnr genes may increase the selection of mutations with high-level (fluoro quinolone resistance (Rodriguez-Martinez et al. 2007).
Population frequencies of mutations with high-penetrance toward risk are rare due to their severe effects on individuals and, thus, these mutations account for only a small percentage of population risk.
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