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Theory predicts an increase in germ-line mutations with age [25], and data on paternally-inherited genetic disorders in humans support this prediction [26] [30].
The ovum of a human female undergoes only 22 cell divisions prior to meiosis [23], which may explain the relative lack of increase in point mutations with age in females as compared to males.
Future studies seeking to explain dynamics of mutations with age must include multiple replicate measurements (Supplemental Note 7).
LTR alignment showed two mismatches, both transition mutations, which indicates a recent transposition event, as LTR sequences keep accumulating mutations with age.
For example, in C elegans, CR did not decrease the accumulation of spontaneous mutations with age but nevertheless extended life span [ 54].
Both mitotic and postmitotic cells show clonal expansion of mtDNA mutations with age, but it appears that there are marked differences in the type of mutations detected.
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Further, while the focus thus far in most of the media and policy debates concerns 'serious' debilitating 'metabolic' conditionszz, there is some evidence to link mitochondrial mutations with ageing and cancer(Kang et al. 2005 Chinnery 2002); so future research in this field may also yield information pertaining to broader health implications, which in turn may pose further regulatory conundrums.
An alternative explanation is that if mutations with age-specific effects are rare, extrinsic risk does not easily modulate intrinsic aging.
A senescent decline in performance late in life can thus evolve in this model without the need to explicitly invoke mutations with age-specific deleterious effects, as in the classic theory.
The clinical outcome of HCM is likely to be the sum of genetic mutations with age-related decline in protein-protective mechanisms and environmental factors such as lifestyle, degree of physical exercise, and blood pressure [ 10, 11].
These results echo conclusions drawn from experiments on fruit flies, which suggest that deleterious mutations with age-specific effects might be rare [ 28] and that in novel environments mutations can improve several fitness components simultaneously [ 29].
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com