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If so, it follows that reducing the frequency of such mutations will reduce the incidence of cancer induced by mutagens.
Whereas a male's somatic quality is determined by the haploid genotype he inherits from his parents, his gametic quality depends on both his inherited genotype, and the degree to which newly-acquired germ-line mutations will reduce the quality of that genotype.
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This makes intuitive sense: if only one mutation per strain is signal (actually causes the phenotype), then increasing the number of irrelevant mutations per strain will reduce the signal-to-noise ratio.
Coding mutations will also reduce the detection of viral peptides as a result of sequence variability among strains [ 47, 48].
Repeated shortcut mutations will eventually reduce the system to a single replicator, thereby losing almost all the information content of the original system – that is, the result is the same as expected from competition without the hypercyclic organization of the replicators.
Because most random mutations that affect intelligence will reduce it, evolution will tend to select against them.
Since the mutations in this cluster will reduce translation of the minigene, we conclude that, with pRW224 carrying the LEE30 275 fragment, expression of the minigene must be detrimental to expression of the adjacent lacZ gene.
It has been shown that mutation at this particular site will reduce binding affinity by almost 4-fold [11].
Situations where nonsynonymous mutations are deleterious, negative (purifying) selection will reduce their rate of fixation (d N
This mutation may already take place in the first infected flock; hence early detection of LPAIV outbreaks will reduce the likelihood of pathogenicity mutations and large epidemics.
This is not invariably going to be the case and many "disease-causing mutations" will display reduced or variable penetrance for a variety of different reasons (reviewed by Cooper et al. 2013).
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