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We focused on the D66N and W272A mutations, which reduce constitutive signaling of the mouse 5-HT4 receptor [31], [32].
The Gu part could also be informative in the presence of beneficial mutations, i.e., those mutations which reduce the risk to the disease.
In line with this finding, we have previously showed that APP mutations which reduce Aβ42 lead to an "open" [15], whereas mutations that increase Aβ42 induce "close" [16] conformation of the PS1 molecule.
Mutations which reduce or abolish the ability of GC to replenish intracellular cGMP and reopen cGMP-gated cation channels, as is the case in LCA1, are thought to create the biochemical equivalent of chronic light exposure in rod and cone photoreceptors [5].
These include intragenic deletions, nonsense and point mutations, which reduce the production of SMN protein.
Codons 12, 13 and 61 are hotspots for mutations which reduce the GTPase activity of the protein and result in constitutive signal transduction (Bos, 1989).
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This pattern arises from clonal interference between competing mutations which reduces variability in the fixation process of adaptive substitutions [ 15].
Moreover, most mutants may only carry one or a few mutations, which reduces the chance to find improvements for which combinations of different mutations are needed.
CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knock-in of Rpt3-T25A mutation, which reduces endogenous proteasome activity, causes marked accumulation of cell cycle inhibitors such as p21Cip1 and p27Kip1 during S-to-G2/M transition and impedes cell proliferation.
We specifically asked whether human ZnT3 harboring the Y372F mutation, which reduces the ZnT3 80 kDa species, was dominant over the Y357F mutation, which increases ZnT3 80 kDa species.
In contrast, human ZnT3 harboring the Y372F mutation, which reduces the formation of the 80 kDa species, decreased its targeting by 35% ±14.3%(n = 3) with respect to wild type human ZnT3 (Fig. 4D).
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