Sentence examples for mutations were required from inspiring English sources

Correspondingly, the likelihood of the cancer having evolved a mutator phenotype decreased when fewer driver mutations were required for cancer (Fig. S2B).

In directed evolution experiments, additional compensating mutations were required to restore wild-type levels of activity to proteases mutated in their specificity pockets (Varadarajan et al., 2008).

The most parsimonious hypothesis for these results, that only a few key proteins in the bacteria were mutated, is consonant with our observation that a relatively small number of mutations were required to adapt the Qβ phage proteome for chemical ambiguity.

Resistance development for the remaining three drugs required several steps, as multiple mutations were required for resistance above clinical breakpoints.

Of the seven mutations that differentiate iMac239 from wild-type SIVmac239, a single change (D178G) in the V1/V2 region was sufficient to confer CD4 independence in cell-cell fusion assays, although other mutations were required for replication competence.

If random mutations were required in the CEABAC20 mice, however, the neoplastic changes observed would be focal, as is the case for all other published mouse models with tumorigenic genetic alterations.

When 4 or more oncogenic mutations are required, mutator pathways predominate.

When 2 or fewer oncogenic mutations are required, non-mutator pathways predominate.

In retinoblastoma, few oncogenic mutations are required, but as the mutator mutation is also the pathognomonic oncogenic mutation, its occurrence is favored.

In general mutator pathways are favored when 5 or more oncogenic mutations are required for malignant transformation and not favored when 2 or fewer oncogenic mutations are required.

In this case, the fewer oncogenic mutations are required for increased fitness, the greater the relative predominance of this mutator pathway with late mutator mutations.