Colorectal cancers harboring KRAS or BRAF mutations are refractory to current targeted therapies.
Although 80% of lung cancer patients who are carriers of EGFR TK domain mutations experience partial responses or marked clinical improvement with gefitinib or erlotinib, patients without such mutations are refractory to these agents (Lynch et al, 2004).
In vitro, two cell lines (OZ and HuCCT1), both of which harboured KRAS mutation, were refractory to vandetanib, one cell line (TGBC24TKB) was somewhat resistant, and another cell line (TKKK) was sensitive.
Several deletion mutations were non-transferable by P1 phage, because strains harbouring them were refractory to P1 propagation.
Here a mutation in or a loss of the STAT1 gene could explain why Caki-2 cells were refractory to PMA-PBMC-mediated STAT-reinduction.
All rIL-25-treated mice were refractory to infection.
In addition, in Ba/F3 transfected with p185 Bcr-Abl T315I mutation, which are refractory to Imatinib, Dasatinib, and GNF-2, presence of Imatinib and Dasatinib at 1 μM reduced the IC50 of GNF-2 from 20 to 18 and 10 μM, respectively.
Signaling in T-ALL cell lines bearing class I mutations is partially refractory to inhibitory antibodies as compared to cell-penetrating gamma-secretase inhibitors.
Of note, recent studies showed that primary human adult fibroblasts (HFs) carrying pathogenic mutations in Dkc1 are refractory to cellular reprogramming (Agarwal et al., 2010; Batista et al., 2011).
BRAF mutations were detected using Amplification Refractory Mutation System allele-specific PCR.
