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DNA adducts and mutations were measured in caput and cauda spermatozoa, respectively.
Canavanine-resistant mutations were measured on synthetic complete medium containing 0.004% (or 30 mg/liter) canavanine [40].
Levels of B[a]PDE-N2-dG adducts were measured and de novo mutations were measured and characterised, in epididymal spermatozoa originating from male germ cells that were in specific stages of spermatogenesis at the time of exposure.
B[a]PDE-N2-dG adducts were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and de novo mutations were measured in the cII-transgene, in Big Blue®mice exposed to benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P; 3×50 mg/kg bw, i.p .. Spermatozoa were harvested at various time-points following exposure, to study the consequences of exposure during the different stages of spermatogenesis.
(A ) The maximum levels of DSBs in untreated rad50S strains containing the indicated mutations were measured from the Southern blots shown in Figure 2, Figure 3, Figure 2 figure supplement 1, Figure 3 figure supplement 1, and Figure 4 figure supplement 1.
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This raises the issue of how we can assume that any mutations being measured in tissue is necessarily pro-carcinogenic.
Induction of de novo mutations was measured in genomic DNA from cauda spermatozoa, containing 96 99% spermatozoa, or from liver.
In the second method, the age of haplotypes carrying derived alleles of SNPs in terms of the number of mutations was measured by the Rho index [27] by means of the program NETWORK version 4.2 (NETWORK website).
The formation rate of purR mutations was measured in two ways.
In our study, the further exploratory biomarker of K-ras mutations was measured in 48 patients, and only 2 patients were found to harbor K-ras mutations.
In the latter analysis, multi-layers of omics data (such as genotyping, gene expression, miRNA expression, methylation and mutations) are measured in a given patient cohort and integrative analyses are performed to understand the inter-omics disease mechanism and relationship.
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variants were measured
transformants were measured
transfer were measured
mutant were measured
mutations were found
mutations was measured
mutations were selected
mutations were described
mutations were detected
mutations were eliminated
mutations had measured
mutations were verified
mutations were confirmed
mutations were identified
mutations were used
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