Sentence examples for mutations we used from inspiring English sources

To gain further insight into the distribution of recurrent mutations we used parsimony to estimate the minimum number of mutational steps at each site, based on the inferred phylogenetic tree.

Turning to more subtle mutations, we used MAPP to calculate the fraction of nonsynonymous mutations likely to be deleterious43,44.

For the functionally relevant obesity MC4R mutations, we used the previously published mutation screen data (525 trios) [21].

For deletion or insertion types of mutations, we used the average of mA% of the first five different waves from the beginning of mutations (Figure S1).

To see how vector proteins respond to point mutations, we used Stylus to generate and score 100,000 random single base substitutions for each of the 10 homologous genes produced in the preceding example.

For each pair of mutations, we used Fisher exact test to compute a p-value for statistically significant covariation, along with a lower-bound estimate for the strength of covariation θ based on the 95% confidence interval.

The mild mutations we use allowed us to determine that wild-derived flies with even modest expression changes in the gene encoding Hsp90 show altered fitness and variation buffering that can be very strong on short evolutionary time scales.

For singly-resistant mutations

Taking the observed frequency of mutational covariance, and assuming that equal numbers of traits are affected by different pleiotropic mutations, we use a simple probabilistic argument to infer the number of pleiotropically related traits.

To further analyze the implications of the T109M mutation, we used GROMACS simulation software27 to perform a 50-ns molecular-dynamics simulation with the PFN1T109M PLP complex, as well as a similar simulation with the PFN1WT PLP complex (see Methods for details).

To investigate transcript-wide regulation of mitochondrial tRNA stoichiometry and RNA modifications in cells harboring the MERRF mutation, we used demethylase-thermostable group II intron RT tRNA sequencing (DM-tRNA-seq 17.