Sentence examples for mutations we use from inspiring English sources

The mild mutations we use allowed us to determine that wild-derived flies with even modest expression changes in the gene encoding Hsp90 show altered fitness and variation buffering that can be very strong on short evolutionary time scales.

For singly-resistant mutations

In contrast with the pharmacogenetic literature, in which the term allele is used to indicate protein variants and corresponding DNA sequences regardless of the number of mutations, we use the term allele to indicate the variant at each nucleotide position and the term haplotype to indicate the overall sequence.

Taking the observed frequency of mutational covariance, and assuming that equal numbers of traits are affected by different pleiotropic mutations, we use a simple probabilistic argument to infer the number of pleiotropically related traits.

It must be also be emphasized that these modulations are observed in variants extracted from a combinatorial library, a procedure that, in fact, reproduces the situations found during thioredoxin evolution: note that the mutations we use are conservative, high-frequency ones and, as a result, they appear combined very often during evolution.

To gain further insight into the distribution of recurrent mutations we used parsimony to estimate the minimum number of mutational steps at each site, based on the inferred phylogenetic tree.

For the functionally relevant obesity MC4R mutations, we used the previously published mutation screen data (525 trios) [21].

For deletion or insertion types of mutations, we used the average of mA% of the first five different waves from the beginning of mutations (Figure S1).

For each pair of mutations, we used Fisher exact test to compute a p-value for statistically significant covariation, along with a lower-bound estimate for the strength of covariation θ based on the 95% confidence interval.

To see how vector proteins respond to point mutations, we used Stylus to generate and score 100,000 random single base substitutions for each of the 10 homologous genes produced in the preceding example.

To avoid phenotypic expression of any unknown background mutations, we used heteroallelic mutant combinations of tam3/tam9 for pol γ−α studies and pol γ-β1/pol γ-β2 for pol γ−β.