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In Msh2−/−Msh6−/− B cells the spectrum of mutations was dramatically changed so that the balance in the frequencies of mutations at A T versus C G sites was shifted in different directions (Figure 4A), suggesting opposing effects of MMR in the resolution of each type of mutation during the Phase 2 of SHM.
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Equivalent results were obtained in co-IP experiments in that binding of full-length myc-Daple and Gαi3 co-expressed in mammalian cells was dramatically impaired upon mutation of F1675 to A. Taken together, these results demonstrate that Daple utilizes its GBA motif to bind onto the SwII/α3 hydrophobic cleft of Gαi3.
The results show that the time to fixation for a new and selectively neutral mutation is dramatically increased in viscous populations.
These preparations revealed that pyramidal dendrite arbours of mice that are either heterozygous or homozygous for the Gdf5bp mutation were dramatically stunted compared with those of wild-type mice in both CA1 (Fig. 7A) and CA3 (Fig. 7B).
In contrast to our HOM mouse model, the mutant desmin mRNA in the homozygous mutations carriers was dramatically reduced to <0.5%% possibly due to nonsense-mediated mRNA decay.
This mutation frequency was dramatically elevated in chronologically aged cells ectopically expressing CLN3 (Fig. 5D; "pCLN3").
Thirdly, the F-actin-binding affinity of Coro1C with either of these mutations was not dramatically affected.
In addition, the incidence of mutation induced by cytoplasmic irradiation was dramatically inhibited by -NMMA, implicating a critical role of RNS in the mutagenicity induced by cytoplasmic irradiation.
For example, at doses of 20 μg/mL DPE + 0.5 J/cm UVA and 20 μg/mL DPE + 1.0 J/cm UVA, the mutation yield at the CD59 locus was dramatically increased to 161 ± 41% and 177 ± 27% (p < 0.01).
Strikingly, we detected that the appearance of the normally less branched neurons, ddaE and ddaD, was dramatically altered by cullin3 mutations.
For example, phenotypic mutation rates and genotypic mutation rates are dramatically different and genetics has been the primary molecular mechanism considered (Burger et al. 2006), but the inclusion of an additional mechanism such as epigenetics can help explain this discordance.
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