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The upper right panel shows the sequence of the rhodopsin C-terminus and the mutations to test the effects of replacing either threonine or serine residues with alanine.
In future work, we intend to identify the genetic bases of the adaptation of these populations and then combine mutations to test directly for the presence of sign-epistatic interactions.
Importantly for A. nidulans mutant screens, this is a manageable number of candidate mutations to test for causation of the selected phenotype when combined with the power of haploidization and/or meiotic mapping, or with bulk segregant analysis.
This approach was successful, identifying a small and tractable number of candidate mutations to test, revealing RsrA as a conserved protein regulating the oxidative stress response and reproductive development in Aspergilli.
Because calcium ions tend to be coordinated by oxygen atoms, we also made several mutations to test the role of carboxylate and carbonyl moieties in TMEM16A-CaCC calcium sensitivity.
Our use of mouse models in this study has allowed us to analyse in detail the effect of the location of specific germline and somatic Apc mutations to test the 'just right' hypothesis.
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When planning a mutation to test some hypothesis, one crucial question is whether the new side chain is compatible with the existing structure; only if it is compatible can the interpretation of mutational results be straightforward.
Using a "knockin" approach, we have generated a mouse strain with a single-amino-acid mutation to test the biological importance of the ADD domain.
To test whether SER-7 indeed acts through MC, we used an eat-2 null mutation to test if blocking neurotransmission from MC suppresses the rescue effect of pflp-21::SER-7 in the ser-7 mutant.
Transfectants were analyzed for effects of PXN mutations and to test if the mutations were sufficient for transformation into cancer-like cells.
CLC bio, Aarhus, Denmark We used Sanger sequencing to confirm all identified ECHS1 mutations and to test the carrier status of available family members.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com