Sentence examples for mutations to spread from inspiring English sources

In one group of closely related H5N1 viruses, both mutations are present in their genes, so they would need to acquire only three more mutations to spread between mammals.

To understand the hidden advantages of sex, evolutionary biologist William Rice and his postdoctoral student Adam Chippindale, both at the University of California, Santa Barbara, decided to test an evolutionary theory: that the mixing of genes in sexual recombination allows beneficial mutations to spread through a population more readily.

Later modelling work that did include sex-specific host modifications and focused on the special case of complete elimination of CI found such mutations to spread easily [22].

During this relatively short period, there was not enough time, i.e. not enough generations, for newly emerging mutations to spread through the population and to accumulate in higher frequencies.

Initially we expect the "costly female traits" mutations to spread through their selective advantage, while other genes involved with sexual behavior in females and all male-specific traits should accumulate mutations at a neutral rate ("neutral accumulation hypothesis").

This implies that regulatory sequences derived from transposable elements evolve in a way that is fundamentally different from those that arise by other means, as the direct conversion between these insertions allows fine-tuning mutations to spread more rapidly.

However, if mutant females' survival chances are reduced, then penetrance levels need to be above certain thresholds for the mutation to spread (see figure 5c).

Introducing such costs complicates the matter in that reproductive benefits enjoyed by mutant females must now offset these costs in order for the mutation to spread.

When we introduce a survival cost c that is inflicted on mutant males, the repressive mutation's penetrance e needs to be above a certain threshold ethr for the mutation to spread.

A positive fitness effect of homozygosity for the fertilization mutant allows the mutation to spread more rapidly through the population.

This hypothesis is further supported by the short time frame needed for an advantageous mutation to spread in the whole North Atlantic as reported here.