Sentence examples for mutations to estimate from inspiring English sources

But when the team used what is known about the rate of mutations to estimate the timing of the population expansion, they found that it must have happened between 30,000 and 700,000 years ago, long before whaling started.

We used available estimates of BRCA1 mutation frequencies in the general population and age-specific incidence rates of breast and ovarian cancers in carriers and noncarriers of mutations to estimate the probability that a particular member of the family carries a mutation.

All the more it is important to pinpoint the relative quantity of these heteroplasmic mutations to estimate functional consequences of the genes involved.

Here, we use data from 221 human genes with known pathogenic mutations to estimate the rate of irreversibility in protein evolution.

Thus, for base substitution mutations, we simply used the summed observed frequencies of the mutations to estimate m and used equation 2 of Haag-Liautard et al. (2008) to calculate the mutation rate.

This measure takes into account both the frequency and effect of observed mutations to estimate the average selection coefficient, but makes the simplifying assumption that mutations have equal selection coefficients.

In a recent study, we used a mutation accumulation (MA) line approach to evaluate the pattern of mutations and to estimate the mutation rates of the mitochondrial genome of P. pacificus (Molnar et al. 2011).

For each mutation detected, we divided the true mutation proportion by the expected mutation proportion for a single mutation (threshold) to estimate the number of copies of that mutation in any given sample.

The overall procedure of using nucleotide mutation frequencies to estimate codon mutation frequencies was first suggested by Deminoff et al. who argued that adequate statistical power could not be realized if only codon-triplet mutations were analyzed.

Then they counted the number of mtDNA differences between individuals and used the modern human mutation rate to estimate how long it might have taken those mutations to appear.

We divided the total number of MMR-deficient breast cancers by the total number of breast cancers in MMR gene mutation carriers to estimate the proportion of breast cancers in MMR gene mutation carriers that were MMR-deficient.