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A wide range of mutations that switch receptor preference of HA proteins have been identified and include changes throughout the HA gene.
Whether or not the current H5N1 viruses are capable of progressive mutations that switch their SA linkage preference is central to an accurate risk assessment of the potential of H5N1 to be the progenitor of a human influenza virus pandemic.
First, we identify two mutations that switch the cluster between its 'high-potential' (E. coli) and 'low-potential' (B. taurus, Y. lipolytica and many other enzymes) forms.
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In the apicomplexan dehydrogenases, the evolutionary mutations that switched specificity from oxaloacetate to pyruvate (the six-residue insertion and Arg102Lys) are insufficient to confer pyruvate activity in modern apicomplexan MDHs (PfMDH-R102K, PfMDH-INS, CpMDH-INS, PfMDH-R102K-INS, Figure 4).
For many patients with beta thalassemia, the disease is caused by a mutation that switches an A for a G. Writing in the journal Protein and Cell, the researchers show that the new procedure worked to some extent.
The biology of cancer, from the number and type of mutations that flip the switch to uncontrolled growth to the influence of non-cancerous cells that surround the cancer cells, is very complicated, making it difficult to solve.
Splicing factor genes mog-1, mog-4, and mog-5 were isolated in the screen for mutations that disrupt the sperm to oocyte switch (Graham and Kimble 1993; Graham et al. 1993).
An OG, on the other hand, is characterized by gain or switch of function mutations that confer new properties on the protein product or simply enhance the existing ones.
All mutations that became undetectable when the patient switched to nilotinib or dasatinib were those known to be sensitive to the inhibitor received (for example, F359V in a patient switched to dasatinib).
In addition to cancer samples with switch III mutations, we also investigated two mutations that are found in RASopathies.
On the other hand, switching drugs too late allows the accumulation of mutations that leads to multidrug resistance [ 2, 3].
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