Hence, from the above reasoning, we see that, in the context of an outbred population, a mutation that simply results in promoting inbreeding will struggle to become established because it would have many disadvantages to weigh against the advantage of reducing the cost of sex.
A proper process of selection, such as natural selection as it operates on genetic replicators, needs to be sustained by low rates of mutation that are simply impossible to achieve in the case of human cultural transmission.
Since it is always possible to lose the viable core upon protocell fission (a loss mutation that is simply a function of propagule size), there is a kind of 'mutation-selection' balance if no novel chemical species can invade from the shadow.
These data present two kinds of problems: how to identify which mutation makes the dominant contribution to the phenotype, and how to filter out mutations that are either neutral or simply not relevant to the desired phenotype.
In addition to screening candidate genes identified by GWAS approaches, this same approach could prove useful, as whole genome sequencing becomes more common, for identifying specific mutations that are causative rather than simply correlated.
Given the large numbers of HPAI A/H5N1 virus-infected hosts globally, the high viral mutation rate, and the apparent lack of detrimental effects on fitness of the mutations that confer airborne transmission, it may simply be a matter of chance and time before a human-to-human transmissible A/H5N1 virus emerges.
The neoadjuvant approach is distinct from efforts that simply correlate baseline mutations with relapse-free survival, because relapse data in adjuvant endocrine therapy combine the effect of a mutation/amplification on both prognosis and prediction.
Driver mutations presumably give selective advantage to tumour cells, whereas the remainder of the random mutations that occur in a cell's genome are simply taken along during each replication cycle and hence are known as passenger mutations.
The IDH-2 mutation is just one of many enzyme mutations that are found in acute myelogenous leukemia.
