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Indeed, beta subunits containing mutations that presumably disrupt dodecamer assembly showed decreased ability to mediate IL-3-dependent signaling [34].
The conditionally-replicating derivative phAE87 is unable to form plaques or lyse its hosts at 37°C due to mutations that presumably interfere with DNA replication, but can be propagated at 30°C [21], [26].
ROS-induced DNA damage generates mutations that presumably contribute to tumorigenesis.
Finally, the remainder of the non-confirmed events resulted from point mutations that presumably affected the restriction site or annealing of a primer.
The sequences from each clearly defined clade (see Results and Discussion) were collected and examined for shared mutations that presumably represent diagnostic mutations or positions characteristic of mobile element subfamilies.
Genomic comparison between males and females reveals that the neo-Y chromosome has already begun to accumulate an excess of deleterious mutations, including nonsense mutations that presumably caused some genes to become non-functional.
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Isolate R1842 has a unique c517t rrs mutation that presumably also causes streptomycin resistance, and X122 is the only strain that has the K43R mutation in rpsL.
The relative mutation rates of the different DNA contexts are usually measured directly using mutations that are presumably non-functional, such as synonymous mutations or mutations observed on the least frequently mutated genes (TCGA 2008).
These findings support the hypothesis that intellectual disability genes do not generally represent adaptively-evolving 'intelligence genes', but instead represent genes with important effects on cognitive development that are subject primarily to rare, maladaptive loss-of-function mutations that are presumably selected against (Kitano et al. 2003; Tarpey et al. 2009).
For example, mutations of EPHB2 that presumably lead to a loss of activity have been found in colorectal and prostate cancer [38], [39], whilst mutations in EPHA3 have been described in melanoma, lung and colorectal cancer [14] [16], [19].
The dichotomous role of Atf3 and the variation in underlying mutations that cause cancer presumably account for the variation in opinion regarding the role of Atf3 in this disease [ 17].
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com