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Some of these tiny uORFs could be artefactual as a result of point mutations that insert an in-frame start and/or stop codon in the 5'-UTR.
However, in 54 roo and rooA elements we found two (or more) ORFs overlapping C, which may be caused by nonsense mutations that insert stop codons into a gene.
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This gene presents several point or insert mutations that are responsible for the appearance of familial forms of prion diseases, and often each specific mutation is associated with a specific clinicopathological phenotype [ 19].
To test for this possibility, we experimentally evolved rifampicin-resistant (RifR) and rifampicin-sensitive (RifS) E. coli in liquid growth medium in the laboratory, before inserting mutations that conferred resistance to streptomycin (StrR), shown schematically in Figure 1.
Where orthologous genes do not contain repeat regions it has been assumed that the inserted repeats are selectively neutral mutations that do not undergo purifying selection [39] [41].
Because the mutations that were mapped to chromosome I showed strong linkage to the inserted transgene, peIs304, it was likely that these mutations occurred in the peIs304 allele itself.
Gaps need to be inserted into the length-variable regions to account for length mutations that have accumulated over evolutionary history (see Fig. 3).
Reversal drives could also remove conventionally inserted transgenes that entered wild populations by cross-breeding or natural mutations that spread in response to human-induced selective pressures.
Mutations that add or change function?
Somewhere among the genetic disparities must lie the mutation or, more probably, mutations that define us.
The IDH-2 mutation is just one of many enzyme mutations that are found in acute myelogenous leukemia.
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