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We propose a continuous-time Markov chain model of codon evolution under point mutations that explains the observations above.
Novel adaptations may arise from junk DNA but it is not the neutral accumulation of purely accidental mutations that explains them.
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"To prove what the method is really worth, we'll have to actually find some specific mutations that explain the differences in phenotype," he says.
Big cats also have a number of gene mutations that explain their incredibly powerful, fast-acting muscles.
Resequencing of all exons in NOS1AP (ref. 9 and unpublished data) has not identified any missense mutations that explain these results, suggesting that the functional variants associated with these SNPs are likely regulatory in nature.
The remaining 2% (48 of 2043) of variants should thus include mutations that explain the mutant phenotypes we observed (Table 1, column 6).
PCA identified three PCs (PC1, disease control; PC2, adiposity and insulin resistance and PC3, blood pressure and mutations) that explained 61% of the variance in observed variables.
We discovered numerous and redundant resistance genes associated with mobile genetic elements (MGEs) and known core genome mutations that explain the highly antibiotic resistant phenotype of DAR4145.
These processes are regulated by a number of genes, which represent excellent candidates for harbouring mutations that explain part of the observed variation in milk production traits and thus link genetic variation with the biological mechanisms underlying the phenotype.
In the next years, the fine mapping and identification of the causal mutations that explain the segregation of epistatic QTL in pigs will be a daunting but fascinating task that will likely unveil many of the secrets that underlie the biological grounds of complex traits.
Our hypothesis is that genes in these pathways will harbour genetic mutations that explain variation in production traits in dairy cattle, and that our approach will detect more of these associations than a traditional GWAS, since we can test variants at lower significance thresholds because of the smaller number of tests conducted.
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