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As reported, we also found mtDNA mutations that did not affect the reprogramming of the fibroblasts or the stability and pluripotency of iPSCs (Hamalainen et al., 2013).
If antibiotic concentration then increases, the eventual victor in the second step may thus include intermediate mutations that did not increase resistance.
Thus, we focused our analysis of hairy function in the trachea to mutations that did not perturb segmentation of the embryo.
This narrow scope is justified when treating those mutations that did not interfere negatively with transgenic rescue of the endoA nulls.
However, we also identified other FABD mutations that did not re-activate BCR-ABL nuclear import despite the disruption of their binding to actin filaments.
To that end we used an in vitro transposon system to insert 5 amino acids randomly throughout the protein, selected those mutations that did not truncate the protein and assessed the ability of the mutants to bind to two described binding partners, syntaxin-1 and Mint.
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Mutations that do have an effect are usually deleterious, but occasionally some can be beneficial.
While nonsense mutations that cause NMD result in 'loss of function', nonsense mutations that do not cause NMD produce truncated proteins which could have the dominant effects.
Where orthologous genes do not contain repeat regions it has been assumed that the inserted repeats are selectively neutral mutations that do not undergo purifying selection [39] [41].
Our studies showed that Gro/TLE1 anti-neurogenic function is disrupted by mutations that do not perturb interactions with DNA-binding partners but prevent cofactor-activated phosphorylation.
There is increasing evidence that "silent" mutations that do not alter the amino-acid composition of a gene product can affect transcription, splicing, or mRNA transport.
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