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While very large doses of radiation destroy the thyroid, moderately high doses — like those that are used to treat Hodgkin's disease or tumors of the head and neck — can cause genetic mutations that develop into cancer.
Unlike tumor cells, these endothelial cells are not expected to acquire genetic mutations that develop radiation resistance [ 40, 42 ].
These mutations are either reversions or a subset of the thymidine analogue mutations that develop under regimens containing either stavudine or zidovudine.
It will, therefore, be interesting to see the resistance mutations that develop with longer-term follow-up, especially in the trials based in Sub-Saharan Africa. Sub-Saharan Africa
The understanding of these complex biological processes at the molecular levels has been facilitated by various transgenic and knockout mouse strains as well as strains with spontaneous mutations that develop autoimmune phenotype.
Second, heart enhancers are subject to a more frequent, or intense, positive selection, similar to that of genes encoding adaptive proteins where new mutations that develop tend to be fixed more frequently [ 19, 20].
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Recently, Taguchi et al. found they could identify thirteen proteins overexpressed specifically in the plasma of mice bearing EGFR or Ras mutations that developed lung adenocarcinomas [ 118].
While M184V is a common resistance mutation that develops early in the majority of patients failing regimens with 3TC or FTC, therapeutic options remain given its association with hyper-susceptibility to other NRTIs.
To test this hypothesis, we determined the effect of isoform-specific daf-16 /FoxO mutations on life span in animals harboring a temperature-sensitive glp-1 mutation that develops without a germline when grown at 25° (Arantes-Oliveira et al. 2002).
We utilized the Stanford University HIV Drug Resistance Database to determine novel drug resistant mutations that may develop in PR in response to ritonavir boosted protease inhibitor therapy.
Yet an inherited mutation isn't the same as an acquired mutation, one that develops during the lifetime of the patient.
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