Moreover, it is possible to perform epistasis experiments using combinations of dominant and recessive mutations (or mutants with opposing phenotypes) in a given pathway to determine the sequence in which genes act in that pathway.
We used a series of keywords and MeSH terms as follows: [ Epoxide Hydrolases" or "EPHX1 protein, human" or "Microsomal Epoxide Hydrolase" or "Styrene Epoxide Hydrolase"] and ["single nucleotide polymorphism" or "SNP" or "polymorphism" or "mutation" or "mutant" or "variation" or "variant"] and ["Warfarin" or "Coumadin" or "Warfarin Potassium" or "Warfarin Sodium"].
Our results obtained with either point mutations or insertion or deletion mutants (each of which rotated the helix structure at the CRP binding site one-half turn) showed significant decrease of penicillin amidase (PA) activity, suggesting the CRP as a major activator.
For instance, it would not work for some temperature sensitive mutations or dominant female sterile mutants.
Upon acquisition of additional mutations, these Runx1/p53-mutant or Runx1/Rb1-mutant ER+ premalignant luminal cells eventually progress to ER+ luminal breast tumors.
In humans, upon acquisition of additional mutations, the RUNX1/TP53-mutant or RUNX1/RB1-mutant ER+ premalignant luminal cells may progress to ER+ luminal breast cancer, upon acquisition of additional oncogenic events.
To remove additional T-DNA loci or mutations from the mutants, we backcrossed them to wild-type plants and identified plants homozygous for the T-DNA insertion.
To remove additional T-DNA loci or mutations from the mutants, backcrosses to wild-type plants were performed and plants homozygous for the T-DNA insertion were again identified.
DNA sequencing revealed that 169 of the 174 (97.1%) PZA-resistant mutants had pncA mutations but 5 mutants lacked pncA or rpsA mutations.
In contrast, mutations in the gene encoding the third RFC-like protein, Rad24, had only a modest effect, if at all, in sister chromatid cohesion, and no aggravating phenotype was observed when the rad24 mutation was combined with the elg1 or ctf18 mutations, or with the double mutant (Figure 5B).
