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If this cascade is disturbed, by TP53 or CHEK2 mutations or low ATM expression levels, response to therapy may be blunted.
In a multivariate analysis (logistic regression), L2/L3- TP53/ CHEK2 mutations or low level ATM expression was also confirmed to be significantly associated with resistance to therapy (overall test of the model, P = 0.010).
The inactivation of USP2a via knockdown, mutations, or low expression has a negative effect on fatty acid synthase levels and p53-regulated genes, which enhances apoptosis (Graner et al. 2004, Priolo et al. 2006).
Although there are specific examples that run counter to this argument, by and large it appears that EphA receptors, while being highly expressed in many cancers, are relatively kinase-inactive due to either kinase inactivating mutations or low ligand expression (Pasquale, 2010).
Notably, the different models all revealed a statistically significant correlation between defects in the p53 pathway (defined as L2/L3- TP53/ CHEK2 mutations or low level ATM expression) and therapy resistance defined as PD on treatment (P-values varying from 0.001 to 0.027; Figure 2B).
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Confirming the simulation results, the entropy analysis was insensitive to mutations with low prevalence (<4 5%).
Plant mitochondrial genomes have very low mutation rates.
These sweeps may be caused by new mutations or low-frequency alleles from the standing variation.
Approximately three-quarters of PJS are familial, the remainder resulting from new mutations or low-penetrance variants.
Biological effects of constitutive Nrf2 activation by Keap1 dysfunction due to mutations or low-level expression by hypermethylation have been reported previously [ 18, 23, 24].
In fact, literature data show that 5%% of cases with bilateral involvement may have translocations, deep intronic splice site mutations, or low-level mosaic mutations, which may or may not be germline [ 8].
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