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In 4 cases, mutations of multiple transducers were present simultaneously: sample 22 had mutated B-RAF and K-RAS; sample 23 had mutated K-RAS, PI3K and PTEN; sample 29 had mutated EGFR, PI3K and PTEN; sample 31 had mutated EGFR, PI3K and B-RAF (table 4).
This indicates that mutations of multiple genes are often needed in tumorigenesis.
This hypothesis could be addressed by generating fly lines carrying mutations of multiple PGRPs.
Many human genetic diseases or disorders are resulted from mutations of multiple genes [ 1].
This subgroup was marked by mutations of multiple genes that exhibit a mutually exclusive pattern in this cohort (Fig. 4 and in Additional file 1: Figure S4).
Only two recent studies investigated the relationship between mutations of multiple oncogenes and/or tumor suppressor genes and promoter methylation patterns but in lung cancer patients from Japan [ 13, 40].
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In Figure 3 the strength of correlation among the effects of mutations on multiple measures of genetic and environmental robustness are presented as a heat map.
In this study, to test whether the CRISPR/Cas9 system works on the mutation of multiple homologous genes, a single guide RNA (sgRNA) targeting three fucosyltransferases encoding genes (FUT1, FUT2 and SEC1) was designed.
Understanding this system is a fascinating challenge of critical relevance for biology and medicine, since misexpression or mutation of multiple PcG components, as well as of TrxG members of the COMPASS family and of the SWI/SNF complex, is implicated in cancer and other diseases.
Therefore, the authors proposed that this system could be applied for insertional mutation of multiple gene in Clostridium [30].
However, mutation of multiple sites (e.q., L41 and L49) abolished the nuclear export of the NES, with the exception of L44,51A, which remained exclusively cytoplasmic.
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