Sentence examples for mutations occur less from inspiring English sources

These data, together with data from previous reports, suggest that for much of the known photosynthetic eukaryotic diversity, plastid DNA mutations occur less frequently than those in mitochondrial DNA.

However, these mutations occur less frequently than missense mutations, which can have either minimal or catastrophic effects on protein folding and function [ 14].

In contrast, missense mutations occur less frequently in MSI cancers, but tend to be oncogenic, as is the case of mutations affecting KRAS, BRAF and PI3KCA in MSI CRC (16).

EGFR mutations occur less frequently among Caucasians (10 15%) compared to East Asians (30 60%) (Lynch et al, 2004; Paez et al, 2004) in contrast to KRAS mutations for which the situation is opposite – Caucasians vs East Asians, 25 50% vs 5 15%, respectively (Mao et al, 2010; Roberts et al, 2010).

In serous lesions KRAS mutations occurred less frequently.

This is in agreement with a similar observation in the literature, where PTEN mutations occurred less frequently in the tamoxifen-treated patients, although not statistically significant due to that cohort size (Turbiner et al, 2008).

We confirmed these findings in the validation series, with TGFBR2 and MSH3 microsatellite mutations occurring less frequently in MSI-H rectal and sigmoid carcinomas than in MSI-H colon carcinomas elsewhere (P = 0.00005 and P = 0.0000005, respectively, when considering all MSI-carcinomas of both series).

From South Africa, Van Rie et al [ 37] reported similar results, whereas Barnard and colleagues [ 23] reported that this mutation occurred less frequently (37.6%; p = 0.01).

Truncation mutations will occur less often if there are fewer stop codons, while readthrough mutations will extend proteins further if there are fewer stop codons.

Cancer somatic mutations (CSM) occur less frequently than SVD for all functional categories, but more frequently than polymorphic variants except for two categories: BINDING (binding sites for chemical groups) and CA_BIND (calcium-binding regions).

Duplication of the BRAF locus has been reported as the most frequent aberration in pediatric LGAs (66% [18]), whereas activating point mutations in BRAF occur less commonly (4 6%) [22], [23].