However, we note that the first one or two driver mutations may not transform a normal cell into a cancer cell.
We hypothesized that if the cancer-derived TRKB mutations confer a gain of function, they may transform epithelial cells even in the absence (or with reduced levels) of BDNF.
* May transform personal DNA analysis, drug discovery.
Extrapolating from these findings, somatic mutations in NSCLC cells involving genes that regulate PI3K-dependent signaling (i.e. Pten, Egfr, and PIK3CA, among others [ref. 23]) may transform these cells in part by cooperating with oncogenic K-ras.
Autophagy may transform compensatory cardiac hypertrophy to pump failure.
Your actions may transform your attitude.
Increased expression of Id4 by growth-factor stimulation or genetic mutation may switch transformed cells towards an astrocytic phenotype, whereas failure of Id4 expression would give rise to pure ODG.
On one hand, aneuploidy impairs cell growth and transformation [21]– [23]; however, aneuploidy, with aid from oncogenic mutations, may also enable the transformed cells to undergo changes and adaptation, evolution, and clonal selection to promote tumor progression [12], [15], [24].
For example, as stem cells usually remain in a given tissue for much longer than their differentiated progeny, the lifetime opportunity to acquire transforming mutations may be increased.
Issues of potential genetic drift and accumulation of secondary passenger mutations may well be no different for organoids than for transformed cell lines, and these additional genetic events could be required for manifestation of the fully transformed phenotype.
