When phage-resistant bacteria emerge, mutation may generate phage capable of exploiting and thus limiting population expansion among these emergent types.
Concomitant inactivation of Chk2 and p53 in breast cancer has been recorded by others [59], and the finding that a somatic mutation may generate a "growth advantage" in tumor cells already harboring a germline CHEK2 mutation may not implicate an effect on drug sensitivity in tumors not yet exposed to cytotoxic compounds.
An increased mutation rate may generate more molecular changes that cause these phenomena, known as Bateson-Dobzhansky-Muller (BDM) incompatibilities, and so might accelerate post-zygotic isolation [ 16, 46, 47].
However, the following experiments will provide evidence suggesting that the R1746Q mutation of CEP290 may generate a deleterious phenotype in a physiological context.
Widespread hypomethylation contributes to a hyper-mutation state in cancer, which may generate oncogenic mutations or loss of heterozygosity of tumor suppressor genes.
Note that some nonsense and frameshifting mutations may not generate null alleles if they only disrupt a short C-terminal region of the encoded protein, whereas some missense mutations can generate null alleles.
Pol κ is believed to be an error-prone enzyme, which may generate mutations when it acts on undamaged templates (Ohashi et al, 2000).
For instance, several groups have postulated that the depurinating adducts formed from 4-OHCEs may generate mutations that initiate cancer, whereas 2-OHCE metabolites may protect against cancer [ 4, 6, 35, 37- 40].
However, if mutations interact such that some mutations are beneficial only in combination with other mutations, then this 'sign epistasis' may generate multiple peaks separated by valleys of maladapted intermediates [ 33, 49].
