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However, according to the reports of EGFR-mutated TKI-resistant patients, the frequency of non-T790M secondary mutations is low.
Although the frequency of these mutations is low, we reasoned that their mutation might not be simply due to chance as none were observed to be mutated in colon or pancreatic tumors although the same genes were sequenced in similar numbers of tumors [17], [19].
This might be the case for other populations where the frequency of the CHEK2 founder mutations is low.
In small populations, the efficiency of natural selection in removing deleterious mutations and promoting beneficial mutations is low [ 39].
As RNA secondary structure is conserved among species and the fitness of structurally disruptive mutations is low, it is reasonable to hypothesize that selection on RNA secondary structure should lead to less nucleotide sequence divergence in the genome.
The second set of genes in COSMIC have somatic mutations in cancers, however the frequency of mutations is low, generally <5% in all tumour types, and/or they are not located in known functionally significant positions in the proteins.
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G>T tranversions were found in p53 and SMAD4, although the relative frequency compared to other mutations was low.
Fortunately, the prevalence of these mutations was low (<5%), which is in accordance with other studies [ 41, 42].
p21 expression in cases with p53 gene mutations was low in six cases and high in one.
The overexpression of PI4KA in HCC could not be explained by HNF1A mutations: the frequency of these mutations was low in our HCC series (<4%) [ 28].
Frequencies of p53 mutations are low in primary MB but Increase significantly in recurrences, and mutant p53 proteins and Myc may collaborate to drive aggressive disease [ 8].
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