While the characterization of the effects of most αB-crystallin mutations is limited, the effects of the R120G mutation on protein structure and chaperone activity have been extensively investigated [27] [30].
Thus, histopathological estimates of tumor-cell content are not predictive of the frequency of mutant alleles, while the ability to detect mutations is limited by the allele frequency but not by the tumor cell content.
The predictive power of the Koel mutations is limited and improvement restricted to a few years.
BRCA/FA pathway genes are well known tumor suppressors, 21– 23 but the percentage of mutations is limited.
Consequently, opportunity for accumulating DNA mutations is limited, resulting in relatively little genetic variation within the species.
In higher eukaryotes the accumulation and spread of mutations is limited in two primary ways: through p53-mediated programmed cell death and cellular senescence mediated by telomeres.
Antiretroviral-experienced adult patients with evidence of viral replication and HIV-1 strains resistant to a NNRTI and other antiretroviral agents are likely to benefit most from etravirine, as long as the number of NNRTI resistance mutations is limited.
In fish breeding, it is essential to discover and generate fish exhibiting an effective phenotype for the aquaculture industry, but screening for natural mutants by only depending on natural spontaneous mutations is limited.
Linkage between mutations is limited to approximately 100 bp, so the virus population can accumulate substitutions independently in different regions of the genome as suggested by theoretical models (Mostowy et al., 2011; Rouzine and Coffin, 2005).
Although our experiment does not enable us to discriminate between the two possibilities, the accumulation of deleterious mutations seems less probable, as the number of mutations is limited by a small number of generations and by a bottleneck of the size of the parasite's population when hosts ingest the parasite's spores.
