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However, even in the most extreme scenario in which there is a single specific order in which the substitutions must be acquired, and any other order results in a virion with a replicative fitness of zero, if fewer than four mutations are required, the effect on the rate of accumulation of mutations is less than that of the deleterious scenario described above (Fig. 3C and figs. S14 and S15).
If the substrate protein contains many sites, removal of one site (e.g. due to adverse mutations) is less likely to cause its function to break down, i.e. the system can tolerate better perturbations.
The aforementioned selection of cells without the wild-type TP53 allele indicates that the dominant-negative effect of TP53 mutations is less important than is generally suggested.
This illustrates that selection against deleterious mutations is less efficient or that more mutations tend to be effectively neutrally evolving in NAD degrading enzymes.
Fearon and Vogelstein observed that these mutations typically occur in a recurring sequence, yet the order of the mutations is less important than their cumulative effect.
Simplistically, APC mutations may favor progression with a minimum of divisions because fixation of subsequent driver mutations is less imperative (Fig 5D).
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PIK3R1 mutations are less common, although recently it was shown that PIK3R1 was mutated in up to 10% of glioblastomas (Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network, 2008; Parsons et al, 2008).
Among the mutants, non-loss of zygosity events (point mutations) were less frequent (31%) after μG incubation than after 1G incubation, which might be explained by the influence of μG on cellular metabolic or physiological function.
In contrast, mutations within the tyrosine kinase domain of Flt3 (Flt3-TKD mutareons) are less frequent (approximately 7%), and there are only limited data on the frequency of recently demonstrated activating Flt3 point mutation at codon 592 Flt3-V592AA mutation).
Among the most robust conclusions from these studies is that epistasis between beneficial mutations often shows a pattern of diminishing returns, in which favorable mutations are less fit when combined than would be expected.
In the second case, charge reversal mutations of RNase Sa affected protein stability, with the destabilizing mutations being less destabilizing at higher salt concentrations, indicating the formation of charge charge interactions in the unfolded state.
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