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Loss of the pVHL tumor suppressor, as occurs with Type 1 VHL mutations, is believed to promote renal tumorigenesis primarily through loss of pVHL-mediated HIF regulation [22].
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A complication in these types of association studies is that the vast majority of non-synonymous mutations are believed to be neutral to phenotypes.
The rare class 2 mutations are believed to create a deprotected S2 cleavage site, a model consistent with the observation that these mutations typically produce large, ligand-independent increases in Notch1 signaling activity.
Interestingly, calcium related proteins were found to be downregulated in Duchenne muscular dystrophy where dystrophin mutations are believed to destabilize the major sarcolemma dystrophin-glycoprotein complex which in turn affects sarcolemma integrity and calcium buffering [34], [35].
Splice site mutations are believed to cause several genetic diseases.
Mutations are believed to be the principal mechanism of malignant transformation [ 9].
PIK3CA mutations are believed to be early events in the development of breast cancer [ 61, 69– 71].
These mutations were believed to offset the destabilizing effect of H275Y and possibly enhance virus transmissibility.
KRAS mutations are believed to play an important role in progression towards adenocarcinomas [ 1].
Until recently, IDH1/2 mutations were believed to result in the stabilization of HIF1 α [ 10, 17].
Therefore, these and other common somatic mutations are believed to play a causal role in the etiology of CLL.
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