Sentence examples for mutations in upstream from inspiring English sources

Pertinent to human disease, the deregulation of Hippo pathway components promotes cancer development through multiple mechanisms including inactivating mutations in upstream regulators, epigenetic alterations, loss of heterozygosity, alterations in copy number, and deregulation of associated molecular pathways.

Particularly relevant is the involvement of ERK signalling in tumour development as illustrated by the high frequency of oncogenic mutations in upstream components of the cascade [6] [8].

Altered signaling through the MAPK pathway in cancer often results from mutations in upstream components of ERK, including K-Ras, N-Ras, H-Ras, C-Raf-1 and B-Raf [15].

In AML, constitutive STAT5 signaling is observed in the majority of cases, resulting from either mutations in upstream receptor tyrosine kinases such as FLT3 and c-KIT, or autocrine growth factor production [17] [20].

Akt can be activated by genetic mutations, genome amplifications and more commonly by mutations in upstream signaling components.

Importantly, mutations in upstream negative regulators of mTOR cause hamartomas, haemangiomas, and cancers that are sensitive to rapamycin treatment.

For example, nonsense mutations in the final exon of either HBB or SOX10 escape NMD and have dominant-negative effects, thereby giving rise to more severe phenotypes than nonsense mutations located in upstream exons that are subject to NMD [ Hall & Thein, 1994; Inoue et al., 2004].

Mutations in the upstream OCT4 binding sequence diminished OCT4-mediated enhancement of MYCN promoter activity, whereas MYCN promoter constructs containing the WT upstream OCT4 site sustained the response to OCT4 overexpression (Fig. 3e).

The cleaved fraction could be increased or decreased with mutations in the upstream sequence.

C. elegans DAF-16 activity can be dramatically enhanced by loss-of-function mutations in the upstream insulin-like growth factor receptor DAF-2 [36], [36].

The mutations in and upstream of rpoS resulted in partial or complete loss of general stress resistance.