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Using likelihood reconstruction of ancestral sequences and site-saturation combinatorial mutagenesis, supported by Mph crystal structures, we determine that two non-obvious mutations in combination expand the substrate range.
But so far, this kind of targeted cancer treatment has been limited to a select few genetic mutations in specific cancers, even though most cancers derive from several genetic mutations in combination.
We have further characterised the effects of these two mutations in combination with the Z mutation in a eukaryotic cell model of disease.
The uvrB strains carrying lexA, recA, umuC, or both the uvrD and recB mutations (in combination), i.e., mutations that inhibit error-prone DNA repair, had the lowest µ values (~10-fold less than the uvrB strain).
TERC mutations in combination with exposure to environmental factors, such as smoking and obesity, not only quicken the pace of biological aging but also increase a carrier's susceptibility to age-related diseases, thereby resulting in the onset of those conditions relatively early in adult life.
Consequently, it is very difficult to predict the long-term ecological impact of transgenes that escape spatio-temporal control, and it may be exacerbated by genetic re-arrangements and newly occurring mutations in combination with environmental (biotic as well as abiotic) changes.
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Human hematopoietic cells bearing mutations in combinations of genes, including cohesin complex genes, observed in myeloid malignancies generated immunophenotypically defined neoplastic clones capable of long-term, multi-lineage reconstitution and serial transplantation.
A similar percentage of breast cancers is expected to have a genetic basis due to mutations in (combinations of) other low penetrance breast cancer susceptibility genes [ 5].
These findings suggest that certain tumor cells might not tolerate mutations in combinations of certain genes whose products operate within the EGFR-RAS-RAF signaling pathway.
In addition, the mutation rates of strains with the pol2-4 mutatinn in combination with active site mutator mutations in Pol δ and Pol α suggest that Pol ε may proofread certain errors made by Pol α and Pol δ during replication in vivo.
Finally, enzyme kinetic and thermal stability analyses revealed that the p.Leu77Arg mutation or the p.Leu77Arg mutation in combination with the p.Val101Met mutation inactivates GCK function and stability, while mutation of p.Val101Met alone does not.
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