Sentence examples for mutations get fixed from inspiring English sources
If a protein evolves under no constraint, i.e. is a pseudogene and has no function, it is expected to show an ω of 1, since synonymous mutations get fixed as frequently as non-synonymous mutations.
However, the repeated occurrence of the beneficial mutations on different backgrounds also means that no single set of accompanying mutations gets fixed.
Sexual populations seem to be largely resistant to drift effects, since even at a size of 200 they do not differ much from infinite populations in their average fitness, and no mutations got fixed within 8000 generations.
The maximum mutation rate for noncoding, nonrepetitive genomic regions in the human genome has been determined as 0.99×10−9 substitutions per nucleotide site per year [35] and in such sequences approximately one mutation gets fixed every 200,000 years.
Second, the two overlapping genes do not have genetic interaction, such that the probability that a mutation gets fixed is the product of the probability with which it gets fixed in the absence of ORF1 and the probability with which it gets fixed in the absence of ORF2.
In case several mutations occur before one gets fixed, the weighting of the sequence before the accepted mutation is increased accordingly.
If deleterious mutations continually get fixed over time, the p-endosymbiont may experience a mutational meltdown ultimately resulting in extinction [13].
It could also be that the first mutations that get fixed in the population affect the fitness consequences of others, as reported for antibiotic resistance (Trindade et al. 2009; Yeh et al. 2009).
First, they allow testing theoretical predictions about the genetics of adaptation, such as the size of beneficial mutations that get fixed in a population, or the cost of complexity for adaptation (reviewed in [ 10]).
The pattern of epistasis between beneficial alleles can be studied by measuring the mean effect of the mutations that get fixed at each step of climbing the landscape in FGM. Figure 2 b shows that, during the first step of the adaptive walk, very strong effect mutations fix.
