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A mutator cell then acquires driver mutations faster than its nonmutator counterparts, and so the mutator phenotype indirectly bestows a selective advantage.
What is interesting about the latter simulations is that in the regime of mutational robustness, the proteins continued to accumulate mutations, and in fact accumulated mutations faster than in the regime in which mutational robustness did not evolve.
An exon-based phylogenic analysis showed that the mainly non-coding exons 1 and 8 are, perhaps not surprisingly, fixing mutations faster than the coding exons 2+5, 3+6 and 4+7, which themselves showed a generally congruent topology (Figure 8).
The first parameter space develops under lag load, and allows sexual populations to adopt advantageous mutations faster than clonal ones.
Overall, this confirms expectations that protein-coding genes encoded and active in the nucleomorph and periplastidal space are accumulating mutations faster than nuclear or plastid-encoded proteins.
Since they are redundant with the genes from which the transcript originated (hereafter termed parent gene) and are integrated without a promoter into random locations in the genome, the products of retrotransposition events are likely to be nonfunctional and to accumulate disabling mutations faster than functional genes.
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The frequency of neutral mutations increases slowly compared with positively selected mutations but faster than deleterious mutations.
In all analyzed regions, reverse mutations appeared faster than escape mutations from the wild type (Figure 6).
This could have selected mutations faster in subtype B than in C.
As a result, Yusim et. al. [ 12] argued that the accumulation of escape mutations would be slower, and reversion of escape mutations faster in conserved protein regions than in variable regions.
Indeed, that would mean that the actual number of mutations that have reached full expansion at any age is higher than observed (extra mutations being those that had died), implying that mutations expand faster than it appears.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com