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We also show probable three-dimensional (3-D) positions of the bound ATP molecule and NRTI-resistance mutations during a catalytic cycle.
Computer-assisted structural analyses and mutagenesis studies suggested the positions of the ATP molecule and NRTI-resistance mutations during a catalytic reaction, which immediately predict possible influences on nucleotide insertion into the catalytic site, the DNA polymerization, and the excision reaction.
A tumor initially sensitive to immunological control might have ample time to become more malignant through accumulation of hundreds of mutations during a prolonged equilibrium phase [ 37].
Since this estimator utilizes the novel variation arising from mutations during a sweep, it does not rely on preexisting variation and can also be applied to loci that lack recombination.
In chronic infections, such as those caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis patients, bacteria fix multiple mutations during a single infection, many of which are unrelated to resistance evolution [ 48- 50].
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3, 38 This approach (estimating linkage disequilibrium and frequency of infections with identical non-segregating genotypes), however, does not take into account rates and mechanisms of spontaneous mutations during an infection, which remain understudied and a high priority area of investigation.
For these other games, evolution becomes more akin to mutation during a single organism's life than a process that occurs through generations.
Given that the majority of the viruses gained the V100I mutation during a short period of time when the pandemic alert level was raised from phase 4 to phase 6 (Table 3), this mutation may play a role in the increased transmissibility or infection of the 2009 H1N1pdm.
This new approach has the advantage over previously employed methods for mutation screening in that it makes it possible to detect both types of mutation during a single analysis.
For three of the women with EM in our data, the premutation allele was 100 repeats or greater, a size that in families identified through fragile X syndrome would almost always expand to a full mutation during a single maternal transmission.
The katun allele arose as a spontaneous, X-linked mutation during an N-ethyl N-nitrosourea (ENU) mutagenesis experiment (Bogani et al., 2004), indicating that it might be a new allele of Zic3, the gene deleted in the classical, X-linked mouse mutant bent tail (Bn) (Carrel et al., 2000; Klootwijk et al., 2000) and mutated in targeted mouse strains (Purandare et al., 2002; Zhu et al., 2007).
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