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Mutations changing the identified and candidate phosphorylation target sites were introduced by site directed mutagenesis into a functional, untagged mini-BicD gene, that is expressed from its native promoter and is also used as the wild type control gene (BicDwt; see Materials and Methods section for details).
First, only point mutations changing the allele type at a certain gene locus are being considered in these models.
At each generation we apply crossovers and mutations, changing the allocation of multi-membership genes to their member pathways.
Consistent with the role of GluCl as the main target of AVMs, IVM-resistant strains of invertebrates can show mutations changing the expression levels or the peptide sequence of channel subunits [ 23, 24].
In theory, silent mutations including mutations in noncoding regions and synonymous mutations in coding regions have less severe phenotypic effects than non-synonymous mutations, changing the amino-acid composition.
To generate mutants of CXCR4 differing in N-glycosylation we have introduced point mutations changing the coding sequence for asparagine, threonine or serine into the coding sequence for glutamine and alanine (Fig. 1b).
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fkh1 contains an ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS -induced point mutation changing thEMS -inducedW254, a residue in the forkhead DNA-binding domain, into a stopointon, while the X-ray-induced allele fkh6 carries an 11 bp deletion which produces a framutationafter the changingr residue E7 [15].
The oligos added a SmaI site 357 bp upstream of the rad50 translational start site and added the K81I mutation (changing the codon from AAA to ATT).
On the contrary, if it was paired, a neutral base pair mutation (changing the selected nucleotide and its pair) was applied.
Such a pattern implies that a mutation changing the encoded amino acid sequence is much less likely to be different between two species than one which is silent.
Sequencing of the apoc2 mutant revealed a one-nucleotide replacement and ten-nucleotide deletion, resulting in a frame shift mutation changing the coding sequence of the Lpl-binding domain of the Apoc2 protein (Fig. 1E).
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