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In some instances, however, the 'wrong combination' of somatic mutations can transform a normal cell into a tumor cell.
Nevertheless, the fact that some mutations can transform differentiating cells suggests that HSCs might not be the only source of LSCs (Cozzio et al., 2003; Huntly et al., 2004).
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Sequence change (mutation) events can transform an animal-origin virus into a human virus, with varying levels of fitness to survive in the new host [ 7].
On their own, mutation and selection can transform a species, giving rise to new traits like limbs and eyes.
Transformers can transform.
P110α carrying a hotspot mutation shows oncogenic activity: it can transform primary fibroblasts in culture, induce anchorage-independent growth, and cause tumors in animals [ 5, 6].
PIK3CA carrying a hotspot mutation exerts an oncogenic activity: it can transform primary fibroblasts in culture, induce anchorage-independent growth, and cause tumors in animals [ 13, 14].
Moreover, it was shown that TSCs are fostered in these niches [10], [11] and can transform into CSCs when they acquire oncogenic mutations [12].
These polyps can transform into carcinomas upon acquisition of additional mutations.
This has not raised much concern until the last decade of 20th century when it was found that a low pathogenic virus can transform into highly pathogenic with only four point mutations.
The L858R and G719S point mutations, as well as the exon 19 deletions and exon 20 insertions, can transform both, fibroblasts and lung epithelial cells, in the absence of exogenous epidermal growth factor.
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