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Whereas a large fraction of these analyzes can be performed in cell cultures in vitro, in many cases the consequences of the mutations have to be assessed in the context of an intact organism, as this is the context in which the Mendelian selection process of the tumorigenic process took place and the advantages of particular mutations become apparent.
But if HSP90 itself is abnormal, or if the supply of HSP90 is being exhausted to deal with stresses, then developmental proteins are on their own, and the consequences--either good or bad--of those mutations become apparent.
With deep sequencing data, the variance of VAF for each mutation is smaller and relationships between the mutations become apparent.
Effects of these mutations become apparent only during sporulation, when a kind of cell division more closely resembling that of unicellular organisms takes place.
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When age-adjusted delta Tel values are compared, the extent of the difference between healthy controls, patients with DC with TINF2 mutations, and patients with DC with DKC1 mutations becomes apparent (TINF2 vs controls, P <.0001; TINF2 vs DKC1, P <.001; Figure 2C).
Symptoms of FTLD due to a VCP mutation become apparent in the mid-50s in 25 30 % of the IBMPFD patients [ 76, 78, 174].
However, not only are primary tumors known to be mutationally heterogeneous [ 6- 8], new mutations may become apparent in recurrent tumors, emerging during disease progression [ 9- 11].
In the recent years, it has become apparent that mutations in miRNAs and miRNA target sites that play a critical role in cancer development.
It has also become apparent that mutations vary greatly in their significance for oncogenesis (e.g., Meyerson et al. 2010), that the microenvironments in which a cell resides can have important influences (Mueller and Fusenig 2004; Kim et al. 2011; Gatenby and Gillies 2008), and that infectious agents often play major roles (Bouvard et al. 2009; zur Hausen 2010; Ewald and Swain Ewald 2012).
It has long been known that adhesion junction proteins play a key role in the formation and stability of gap junctions, but it has only recently become apparent that mutations in or suppression of these proteins can lead to reductions in Cx43 expression and gap junction quantity of sufficient magnitude that impulse propagation is impaired.
Mutations affecting the NF2 gene may become apparent through at least three kinds of different genetic alterations.
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