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Another complication underlined by the two new surveys is that many rare mutations, because they are so recent, are specific to particular populations, with Africans and Europeans having sets that do not overlap much.
The majority of assays used for solid tumour profiling use DNA sequencing to interrogate somatic point mutations because they are relatively easy to identify and interpret.
Melanoma and lung cancer round out the high end (100 to 200 mutations) because they are caused by environmental carcinogens that cause lots of mutations.
These genotoxicants have been reported to cause mutations because they form strong covalent bonds with the DNA, resulting in the formation of DNA adducts preventing accurate replication ([Hartwell et al. 2000]).
Tandem repeat alterations pop up more frequently than mutations because they arise from a sequencing stutter: Enzymes copying repetitive regions of DNA sometimes lose track of where they are, occasionally leaving a few repeats out of the new copy--or adding one or two extra.
Another possibility is that chemicals in the environment cause spontaneous gene alterations, called "de novo" mutations because they arise anew rather than being inherited.
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As for the AGA, we do not consider the computational cost of crossover and mutation because they are constant for each genetic step.
We neglect the back-mutations because they only provide a small correction to the processes governed by the forward mutations, see [61] and Section 2 in Text S1.
Previous studies have shown that methylated CpG sequences have a greater rate of mutation because they are susceptible to spontaneous deamination, and the low frequency of CG repeats has been attributed to this (Duncan and Miller 1980).
Our results demonstrate that brain pericytes from ryr1 mutated animals have functional defects because they are not able to maintain BBB permeability as do pericytes from healthy pigs, but this observation cannot be directly linked with ryr1 mutation because they seem not to express this gene, suggesting a side-effect of ryr1 mutation instead.
Primer unblocking mutations are also referred to as thymidine analogue mutations (TAMs) because they are selected by the thymidine analogues zidovudine and stavudine.
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