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We hypothesize that the non-zero background level of mutations at many drug-resistance positions has two explanations.
Grace mapped dpolv mutations at many different sites in the gene, and we also find these mutants at many different places in the Dumpy protein.
As mutations at many loci may affect expression of high-level phenotypic features (whose development is affected by many individual pathways), such features (e.g., stature) may be affected by many genetic variations.
Fourthly, it is already known that mutations at many loci affect craniometric characteristics [ 7].
Both portions of the stem are conserved, and show indications of covariation and compatible mutations at many positions.
This leads us to believe there are some positions that are more likely to increase stability and may even be essential; however mutations at many other positions can contribute independently.
Similar(51)
That is large mutational many mutations at one locus, that place a population closer to long-term equilibria may be lost because the appropriate trait values at the other locus do not yet exist.
Sequencing of dissected mutated ovaries showed many mutations at the designed targeting site.
By relating the fraction of neutral mutants at distance d to the average neutrality at distance d, we showed that this prevalence derives from the existence of many compensatory mutations at larger mutational distances.
Yet behavior is the endpoint of neural processing often involving tens or hundreds of cell types in a neural circuit or pathway, and therefore mutations might exert their effects at many places in the brain.
For synonymous differences at 4-fold degenerate sites, which we assume are selectively neutral, transitions made up 41.4% of changes and transversions 58.6%, consistent with a moderate transitional bias that would produce falsely low dN/dS ratios [ 51] (since transitional mutations are associated with degeneracy at many 2-fold degenerate sites).
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